In the previous tutorial, we learned file I/O. Now we learn macros — one of Rust’s most powerful features for code generation. Macros let you write code that writes code. They run at compile time and expand into regular Rust code. You have already used macros like println!(), vec![], and format!(). Now you will write your own. What Are Macros? A macro is a pattern that expands into code at compile time. When you write println!("hello"), the compiler replaces it with the actual printing code before compilation. ...

In the previous tutorial, we built CLI tools with Clap. Now we learn File I/O — reading files, writing files, working with paths, and walking directories. File I/O is something every program needs. Rust makes it safe and explicit. Every file operation returns a Result, so you always handle errors. No silent failures. No corrupted data. Path and PathBuf Before reading or writing files, you need to understand paths. Rust has two path types: ...

You want to build a multi-agent AI system. You have three main frameworks to choose from. Each has a completely different philosophy — and picking the wrong one will cost you weeks. In the multi-agent tutorial, we covered what multi-agent systems are. This article is the practical follow-up: which framework should you actually use? I will compare CrewAI, LangGraph, and AutoGen across 8 dimensions with real code, real numbers, and honest opinions. ...

In the previous tutorial, we built a database-backed API with SQLx. Now we switch gears and learn Clap — the most popular library for building command-line tools in Rust. CLI tools are one of Rust’s sweet spots. Fast startup, small binaries, no runtime needed. Tools like ripgrep, bat, fd, and exa are all written in Rust. Clap handles the argument parsing so you can focus on the logic. By the end of this tutorial, you will build a complete CLI tool with subcommands, flags, and validated arguments. ...

In the previous tutorial, we built a REST API with Axum using in-memory storage. Now we add a real database with SQLx. SQLx is an async database library for Rust. It supports PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite. Unlike ORMs, SQLx lets you write plain SQL while still being type-safe. It can even check your queries at compile time against a real database. In this tutorial, we use SQLite because it needs no server setup. Everything you learn applies to PostgreSQL and MySQL too — just change the connection string and SQL dialect. ...

The task manager works. You can add tasks, complete them, delete them, search, and filter. But it doesn’t feel polished. Screens change instantly. Deleting a task is jarring. There’s no feedback when you complete something. This tutorial adds the polish that makes the difference between a homework project and a real app. What We Add Feature What It Does Navigation transitions Screens slide in/out smoothly Swipe to delete Swipe a task left to delete it Animated task completion Checkbox animates, strikethrough fades in Animated list changes Tasks slide in/out when added or removed Empty state animations Gentle fade-in when list is empty Dark mode Follows system theme Snackbar with undo “Task deleted” with undo option Navigation Transitions By default, screens appear instantly. Add slide transitions: ...

In the previous tutorial, we learned to make HTTP requests. Now we build the other side — a REST API server with Axum. Axum is a web framework built on top of Tokio and Tower. It is fast, type-safe, and ergonomic. Unlike some other frameworks, Axum uses standard Rust types and traits. There are no macros on your handler functions. Everything is just regular async functions. Setting Up Add these dependencies to your Cargo.toml: ...

In the previous tutorial, we learned Serde for serialization. Now we use those skills to make HTTP requests with Reqwest — the most popular HTTP client in Rust. Most real applications talk to APIs. Whether you fetch data, send forms, or call microservices, you need an HTTP client. Reqwest makes this easy while staying fully async. Setting Up Add these dependencies to your Cargo.toml: [dependencies] tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] } reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json"] } serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] } serde_json = "1" The "json" feature on reqwest enables built-in JSON parsing with Serde. ...

In the previous tutorial, we learned advanced error handling. Now we learn Serde — the serialization framework that powers most data handling in Rust. Serde converts Rust structs and enums to and from formats like JSON, TOML, YAML, and more. It is not just a JSON library. Serde separates “what to serialize” from “what format to use.” You write #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)] once, and your type works with every supported format. Setting Up Add Serde and the formats you need to Cargo.toml: ...

In the previous tutorial, we learned testing in Rust. Now we take error handling to the next level with thiserror and anyhow — the two crates that every production Rust project uses. In Tutorial #8, we learned the basics: Result, Option, the ? operator, and custom error types. That works fine for small programs. But as your project grows, writing Display, From, and Error implementations by hand gets tedious. That is where thiserror and anyhow come in. ...